====== FreeBSD Experience ======

This page is about my experience using [[https://www.freebsd.org/|FreeBSD]].

//**Note**: Since I have decided to stick with Linux for now, I will be gearing my FreeBSD usage towards GUI-centric experience.//

//**Update20200428**: I want to get back to FreeBSD (FuryBSD?) after I am done with my current project (may take a while, but I am certain of trying FreeBSD again). Just some notes: (1) try lumina desktop [BSD licensed, written for TrueOS], (2) port all my software to BSD :p, (3) try mingw32-gcc to cross-compile windows program//

====== FreeBSD Installation ======

My installation notes...

//**Note**: When using VirtualBox on a Linux host, make sure the virtual machine is **NOT** using Intel HD Audio! It creates an 'interrupt storm' (irq21 - whatever that is...) and makes the system unusable m(//

===== Getting FreeBSD =====

The official way to do this is, of course, to [[https://www.freebsd.org/where.html|get it]] from [[https://www.freebsd.org/|freebsd.org]].

===== Standard Installation =====

Latest: Installing FreeBSD-12.0-RELEASE-amd64 on VirtualBox

==== Base System ====

  * fresh install using memstick image file
  * install kernel and base only
  * added my main user account to {//wheel//,//operator//} group
    * for desktop use, all users need to be in //video// or //wheel//
    * so normal users should be in //video// group
    * normal users should also be in //operator// group to be able to shutdown from mate desktop
  * enable sshd, enable ntpdate(on-boot), disable sendmail

==== Desktop (GUI) ====

  * use binary package management tool ''pkg''
    * by default, even that is not installed... ^_^
  * install x server <code>pkg install -y xorg</code>
  * install desktop environment <code>pkg install -y gnome3</code>
  * enable stuffs in ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>
  hald_enable="YES"
  dbus_enable="YES"
  gdm_enable="YES"
  gnome_enable="YES"</code>
  * desktop environment requires procfs - insert into ''/etc/fstab'':<code>
  proc          /proc       procfs  rw  0  0</code>
  * enable sound in ''/boot/loader.conf'':<code>
  snd_driver_load="YES"</code>
  * enable switching virtual consoles during X session, edit ''/boot/loader.conf'':<code>kern.vty=vt</code>
  * reduce auto-boot delay, edit ''/boot/loader.conf'':<code>autoboot_delay="3"</code>
  * **VBOX** install virtualbox additions <code>pkg install -y virtualbox-ose-additions</code>
  * **VBOX** enable virtualbox start script, edit ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>
  vboxguest_enable="YES"
  vboxservice_enable="YES"</code>
  * **VBOX** disable host time synchronization, edit ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>
  vboxservice_flags="--disable-timesync"</code>

==== Utility ====

  - install useful stuffs
    * avahi & multicast dns <code>pkg install -y avahi-app nss_mdns</code>
    * enable avahi daemon in ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>
  avahi_daemon_enable="YES"</code>
    * modify the ''hosts:'' line in ''/etc/nsswitch.conf'':<code>
  hosts: files dns mdns</code>
    * network manager <code>pkg install -y networkmgr</code>
    * configure doas - create ''/usr/local/etc/doas.conf'':<code>
  permit nopass keepenv :wheel cmd netcardmgr
  permit nopass keepenv :wheel cmd detect-nics
  permit nopass keepenv :wheel cmd detect-wifi
  permit nopass keepenv :wheel cmd ifconfig
  permit nopass keepenv :wheel cmd service
  permit nopass keepenv :wheel cmd wpa_supplicant</code>

==== Application ====

  * development <code>pkg install -y git geany</code>
  * console multitasking <code>pkg install -y screen</code>
  * office & browser <code>pkg install -y libreoffice firefox</code>

==== User Account ====

  * by default root shell is csh and user is sh - edit .shrc to get prettier prompt<code>
  PS1="`whoami`@\H:\w\$ "</code>
  * (IF using slim) to enable x environment after slim login, create ''~/.xinitrc'' for each user:<code>
  exec /usr/local/bin/mate-session</code>

===== Custom Installation =====

==== Network Configuration ====

//**Note** DHCP client is dhclient - simply run ''dhclient <interface>'' when booting to console and using something like USB tethering.//

Configure (wireless) network interface (in case was not done during installation)

  * FreeBSD has network interface name - based on the driver name (e.g. sis, re)
    * to find this, use ''pciconf -lv''
  * for normal wired connection (e.g. re0), add to '/etc/rc.conf' <code>ifconfig_re0="DHCP"</code>
  * for a wireless connection (e.g. ath0), add in <code>wlan_ath0="wlan0"
  ifconfig_wlan0="DHCP"</code>
  * for a secured wireless connection (e.g. WPA protected), add in <code>wlan_ath0="wlan0"
  ifconfig_wlan0="WPA SYNCDHCP"</code> also, append '/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf' <code>
  network={
      ssid="the_ssid"
      psk="the_psk"
  }</code>
  * not sure why but ''wlan0'' was not auto-created?
    * from official handbook, do ''ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0''
    * to start up and scan, do ''ifconfig wlan0 up scan''
    * or just scan, do ''ifconfig wlan0 list scan''

==== Graphics ====

Driver for ASUS E5450 Graphics Card (based on Radeon 5450?)

  * install driver <code>pkg install -y xf86-video-ati</code>
  * to load on startup, edit ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>kld_list="radeonkms"</code>

For Intel Graphics (Asus H81M-K Motherboard)

  * install driver <code>pkg install -y xf86-video-intel</code>
  * to load on startup, edit ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>kld_list="i915kms"</code>
  * install something? (for kernel?) <code>pkg install -y drm-kmod</code>
    * some older ones require ''drm-fake-kmod'' instead

==== Server ====

Web Server (Apache)

  * find apache package(s) <code>pkg search apache2 | grep -e "^apache2"</code>
  * install apache package(s) <code>pkg install -y php56 mod_php56 php56-mbstring php56-mcrypt php56-zlib php56-curl php56-gd php56-json</code>
  * to load on startup, edit ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>apache24_enable="YES"</code>
  * default document path is ''/usr/local/www/apache24/data/''

Server Script (PHP)

  * find php package(s) <code>pkg search php5 | grep -e "^php5"</code>
  * install php package(s) <code>pkg install -y apache24</code>
  * configure ''/usr/local/etc/apache24/Includes/php.conf'':<code>
  <IfModule dir_module>
    DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
    <FilesMatch "\.php$">
      SetHandler application/x-httpd-php
    </FilesMatch>
    <FilesMatch "\.phps$">
      SetHandler application/x-httpd-php-source
    </FilesMatch>
  </IfModule></code>
  * copy template configuration file ''//# cp /usr/local/etc/php.ini-production /usr/local/etc/php.ini//''

Database (mysql/mariadb)

  * install package(s) <code>pkg install mariadb103-server mariadb103-client php56-mysqli</code>
  * to load on startup, edit ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>mysql_enable="YES"</code>
  * by default, it listens to remote request at port 3306. to check:<code>
# lsof -i4 -i6
# sockstat -4 -6</code>
  * to allow local access only, edit ''/etc/rc.conf'':<code>mysql_args="--bind-address=127.0.0.1"</code>
  * now, to make sure all is okay:<code>
# lsof -i4 -i6 | grep mysql
# netstat -an | grep 3306
# sockstat -4 -6 | grep 3306</code>

===== Offline Installation =====

//**Note**: Need to test this... :-P//

  * Get the desired packages on a FreeBSD machine with internet connection<code>
  # mkdir /root/offline
  # pkg fetch -d -o /root/offline xorg mate slim firefox</code>
    * ''-d'' for dependencies
    * ''-o'' specifies destination path for the fetched packages
  * Copy those files to a portable USB drive
  * On the target machine, copy everything to /var/cache/pkg
  * Then, do a <code>  # pkg -U install xorg mate slim firefox git geany networkmgr</code>
    * ''-U'' is the short form for ''--no-repo-update''

===== USB Thumb-Drive Installation =====

I want to try to install to a USB thumb-drive... from my FreeBSD virtual machine (VirtualBox). I have a 16GB USB3 Kingston Data Traveller drive, and already installed FreeBSD 12 on a virtual machine.

To prepare the drive layout, checkout [[freebsd:create_usbdisk_layout|here]]. I'm going to prepare for UEFI boot on a GPT formatted disk.

- plug in usb drive
  * find device name (i.e. /dev/???)
  * usually da0 is the first usb drive?

- refer to [[https://gist.github.com/johnko/fa763b97f0a4671a3c60|this]]...

//to be continued...//

===== Dual-Boot on UEFI Systems =====

Find ''boot1.efi'' as place it in EFI System Partition. It will look for first partition with type freebsd-ufs  (which can even be on another disk) and load ''loader.efi''.

====== FreeBSD Maintenance ======

Maintaining the system...

===== System Upgrade/Update =====

For example, upgrading 10.1-RELEASE to 10.2-RELEASE<code>freebsd-update -r 10.2-RELEASE upgrade</code>

Then run <code>freebsd-update install</code>

To update within a release, do a <code>freebsd-update fetch</code> before running 'install'.

**Hint** hit 'q' when prompted

===== Package Upgrade/Update =====

Install package <code>pkg install <pkg_name> [...]</code>//Note: include '-y' to override prompts//

Delete package <code>pkg delete <pkg_name> [...]</code>

Update catalogue <code>pkg update</code>

Upgrade software <code>pkg upgrade</code>

List installed packages <code>pkg info</code>

Remove all packages and start over <code>pkg delete --all --force</code>

Clean all package cache <code>pkg clean</code>

Remove orphaned package(s)? <code>pkg autoremove</code>

If pkg installation quits due to size mismatch or something, <code>
pkg clean
rm -rf /var/cache/pkg/*
pkg update -f</code>

===== Using ports system =====

Will most probably need these at some point...

To get it, <code>portsnap fetch extract</code>

To update, <code>portsnap fetch update</code>

To manage, use ''[[freebsd#using_portmaster|portmaster]]''

===== Using portmaster =====

To build portmaster, <code>cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmaster/ && make install clean</code>

To setup portmaster, <code>
# cp /usr/local/etc/portmaster.rc.sample /usr/local/etc/portmaster.rc
# ee /usr/local/etc/portmaster.rc</code>

To update all ports <code>portmaster -a</code>

To search updates <code>portmaster -L | grep "New version available:"</code>

To cleanup <code>portmaster --clean-distfiles{-all}</code>

To remove port <code>portmaster -e target_port</code>

To rebuild port <code>portmaster -r target_port</code>

Dumping ground - from portmaster man page...
<code>
     Build a port locally but use packages for build dependencies, then	delete
     the build dependencies when finished:
	   portmaster --packages-build --delete-build-only fooport-1.23

     Update a system using only	packages that are available locally:
	   portmaster -PP --local-packagedir=<path> -a

     Update all	ports that need	updating:
	   portmaster -a

     Update all	ports that need	updating, and delete stale distfiles after the
     update is done:
	   1. portmaster -aD
	   2. portmaster --clean-distfiles
</code>

===== Minor Tweaks =====

  - 'git log' output does not show colorized output
    * can see the escape sequence
    * so, as user, type <code>git config --global core.pager "ls -r"</code>

====== Useful Stuffs ======

===== Creating Disk Layout for Bootable USB =====

{{page>freebsd:create_usbdisk_layout&noheader}}

===== Label for Partitions/Slices =====

This is nice to have in /etc/fstab when device assignment may change (e.g. usb drive on different machine may be assigned differently)

For ufs,<code># tunefs -L <label> /dev/da0p?</code>

To check if assigned,<code># ls /dev/ufs</code>

For swap,<code># glabel label <label> /dev/da0p?</code>

To check if assigned,<code># ls /dev/label</code>

Then, /etc/fstab entry can be like,<code>
/dev/label/<label>	none	swap	sw	0	0
/dev/ufs/<label>	/		ufs		rw	1	1
</code>

===== Disk Utility ''gpart'' =====

Show partition

<code># gpart show</code>

Resize partition

<code># gpart resize -i 3 da0</code>

Not really gpart stuff, but don't forget to grow FS to fit new size

<code># growfs /dev/da0p3</code>

===== Access to Linux ExtFS =====

At the moment, full R/W access for Ext2, Journal-less for Ext3 and R/O for Ext4.

<code>
# kldload ext2fs
# mount -t ext2fs /dev/<slice> <mount-path>
</code>

===== Install on SSD =====

//**Note:** Generally, it seems that this is no longer an issue - some just did a normal install and have no problems at all. But, I want to put this here anyways.//

Creating partitions (from: http://www.wonkity.com/~wblock/docs/html/ssd.html)

<code>
# gpart create -s gpt ada0
# gpart add -t freebsd-boot -s 1m -a 4k -l ssdboot ada0
# gpart bootcode -b /boot/pmbr -p /boot/gptboot -i1 ada0

# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -l ssdroot -b 1m -s 4g ada0
# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -l ssdvarfs -a 1m -s 2g ada0
# gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -l ssdusrfs -a 1m ada0

# newfs -U -t /dev/gpt/ssdrootfs
# newfs -U -t /dev/gpt/ssdvarfs
# newfs -U -t /dev/gpt/ssdusrfs
</code>

create fstab (save as /tmp/bsdinstall_etc/fstab)

<code>
# Device	Mountpoint	FStype	Options	Dump	Pass#
/dev/gpt/ssdroot	/	ufs	rw	1	1
/dev/gpt/ssdvarfs	/var	ufs	rw	2	2
/dev/gpt/ssdusrfs	/usr	ufs	rw	2	2
tmpfs	/tmp	tmpfs	rw,mode=01777	0	0
</code>

====== FreeBSD on RasPi400 ======

  * got FreeBSD13 arm64 aarch64 image
  * write to microsd card
  * boot issue
    * ok if boot from usb (note: starting pi4, usb boot is possible!) 
    * need to update u-boot binary (look for that in forum)
  * console display is not ok when using on tv (high res?)
    * edit config.txt and comment out hdmi_safe=1 

going for dwm
  * pkg install libX11 libXft libXinerama
  * pkg install git

//work in progress...//